Tapotoclax was safe and may warrant consideration in combination with other therapies in MDS post-HMA failure. ESAs had a high rate of failure among patients with lower-risk MDS and often continued treatment despite failure. Oral azacitidine plus cedazuridine achieved pharmacokinetic equivalence to subcutaneous azacitidine in MDS and MPN. Retrospective analysis shows that AML treatment strategies are effective for patients with MDS or CMML with NPM1 mutations. A novel multivariate model improved risk stratification in MDS compared with both the IPSS-R and IPSS-M. The rate of abnormal cytogenetics among AA patients with MDS is comparable to or lower than the general population. CDC database analysis suggests that MDS-related mortality has declined since 2011, though significant disparities remain. The COMMANDS study compared the efficacy of luspatercept with epoetin alfa in ESA-naïve lower-risk MDS. Patients who received oral HMAs had half the mean total of health care encounter days as those who received IV or SC HMAs. A TP53 variant allele frequency threshold of 24% can inform MDS prognosis equally as well as TP53 allelic status. The IPSS-M significantly improved MDS prognostic assessment, particularly for high-risk IPSS-R cases. In patients with lower-risk MDS receiving luspatercept, electronic medical record alerts can help improve treatment dosing. COVID-19 infection was strongly correlated with severity, blast cell percentage, and degree of dysplasia in MDS. IDH1 inhibitor therapy significantly improved survival after HMA failure in patients with higher-risk MDS. Luspatercept yielded high rates of durable transfusion independence in heavily-pretreated, lower-risk MDS. Luspatercept yielded greater rates of improvement in cell lineages for patients with transfusion-dependent MDS. COMMANDS is the first trial to perform a head-to-head comparison of luspatercept against an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Enrolled patients had non-del(5q) relapsed or refractory disease and were ineligible for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. A retrospective study's regression analysis confirmed survival effect of cytarabine-based regimens and allogeneic HSCT. Inherited thrombocytopenia is associated with risk for myelodysplastic syndromes and malignancies.